Antibody microarray analysis of serum inflammatory cytokines in patients with calcific aortic valve disease

Background: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a slowly progressive pathological process associated with significant morbidity and mortality, CAVD is heart valve disease most common in older people and is a major cause of aortic valve stenosis. Some steps characterize the process: inflammation, apoptosis, lipid deposition, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, extracellular matrix remodeling, and bone formation. This paper focuses on detecting and analyzing the expression of inflammatory factors in CAVD serum with antibody microarray technique.


Methods: In this study, a total of 258 patients were enrolled in Tianjin Chest Hospital between January 2017 and December 2018, the subjects were divided into three groups: control, coronary artery disease (CAD), and CAVD. Blood samples were taken, and adipokine / cytokine / chemokine profiles measured by serum antibody array.


Results: These data suggest that B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), interleukin (IL) -12p40, monokin induced by interferon γ (MIG) and Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) -1delta CAVD increased significantly in comparison to control or CAD. Furthermore, the measured real-time PCR, Western blot assay, and flow cytometer detection showed that the four cytokines / chemokines derived from mononuclear cells of peripheral blood.


Conclusions: These findings indicate that the BLC, IL-12p40, MIG, and MIP-1delta can be used as a marker to assess CAVD, which could have significant clinical implications.


Using information from our CellMiner and CellMinerCDB web-based application, we identify the molecular events with links 3978 significant pharmacological response for which both target genes, biomarkers, or has established a causal relationship medication. molecular events including DNA copy number, methylation and mutations; and transcripts; and all or a phospho-protein expression for the NCI-60 human cancer cell lines.

While all forms of informative molecular data in multiple (gene-drugs) couples, the event type is significantly associated molecular found to vary widely by drugs. Some form of molecular data found to correlate significantly more often than others. Leads are phosphoproteins as measured by antibody (31%), followed by transcripts as measured by microarray (16%), and total protein levels as measured by mass spectrometry or antibody (14%

 Antibody microarray analysis of serum inflammatory cytokines in patients with calcific aortic valve disease
Antibody microarray analysis of serum inflammatory cytokines in patients with calcific aortic valve disease

Antibody-based biosensor for the detection of oncogenic Sam68 splicing factor for lung cancer diagnosis

Objective: This work aims to determine the potential utility Sam68 protein as a prognostic marker of lung cancer. Then the electrochemical immunosensor made sensitive enough to detect Sam68.
Results: Microarray
analysis of lung cancer is stage-specific data indicate that differential expression of Sam68 associated with the stage of the cancer and monotonically increased from the initial tumor stage to advanced metastatic stage.

In addition, higher expression of Sam68 resulted in reduced survival of lung cancer patients. Based on these observations, an electrochemical immunosensor was developed for quantification of the protein Sam68. The target protein is captured by anti-Sam68 antibody that moves on the modified glass carbon electrode.

Rat Mixed Tissue Frozen Microarray, Panel #3,

RAF-MT3 5 slides
EUR 596

Mouse Mixed Tissue Frozen Microarray, Panel #1

MAF-MT1 5 slides
EUR 411

Mouse Mixed Tissue Frozen Microarray, Panel #2

MAF-MT2 5 slides
EUR 411

Mouse Mixed Tissue Frozen Microarray, Panel #3,

MAF-MT3 5 slides
EUR 596

Rat Mixed Tissue Paraffin Microarray, Panel #1

RAP-MT1 5 slides
EUR 411

Rat Mixed Tissue Paraffin Microarray, Panel #2

RAP-MT2 5 slides
EUR 411

Rat Mixed Tissue Paraffin Microarray, Panel #3

RAP-MT3 5 slides
EUR 596

Mouse Mixed Tissue Paraffin Microarray, Panel #1

MAP-MT1 5 slides
EUR 411

Mouse Mixed Tissue Paraffin Microarray, Panel #2

MAP-MT2 5 slides
EUR 411

Mouse Mixed Tissue Paraffin Microarray, Panel #3

MAP-MT3 5 slides
EUR 596

Rat Neuronal Tissue Frozen Microarray

RAF-200 5 slides
EUR 461

Rat Digestive Tissue Frozen Microarray

RAF-300 5 slides
EUR 377

Rat Reproductive Tissue Frozen Microarray

RAF-400 5 slides
EUR 377

Mouse Neuronal Tissue Frozen Microarray

MAF-200 5 slides
EUR 461

Mouse Digestive Tissue Frozen Microarray

MAF-300 5 slides
EUR 377

Mouse Reproductive Tissue Frozen Microarray

MAF-400 5 slides
EUR 377

Rat Neuronal Tissue Paraffin Microarray

RAP-200 5 slides
EUR 461

Rat Digestive Tissue Paraffin Microarray

RAP-300 5 slides
EUR 377

Rat Reproductive Tissue Paraffin Microarray

RAP-400 5 slides
EUR 377

Universal control tissue microarray

CTRL141 each
EUR 54
Description: Universal control tissue microarray, 7 types of Immune System normal tissues, 7 cases/14 cores

Stomach adenocarcinoma tissue microarray

ST991b each
EUR 270
Description: Stomach adenocarcinoma tissue microarray, including TNM, clinical stage and pathology grade, 33 cases/ 99cores, replacing ST991a

Mouse Neuronal Tissue Paraffin Microarray

MAP-200 5 slides
EUR 461

Mouse Digestive Tissue Paraffin Microarray

MAP-300 5 slides
EUR 377

Mouse Reproductive Tissue Paraffin Microarray

MAP-400 5 slides
EUR 377

Normal human tissue microarray from 12 organs from autopsy

BN482 each
EUR 234
Description: Normal human tissue microarray from 12 organs from autopsy, 24 cases/48 cores

High density tissue microarray of Hodgkin's Disease

LM208 each
EUR 546
Description: High density tissue microarray of Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and normal lymph node tissues, 69 cases/208 cores

Tissue microarray of top 4 types of cancer (colon

TP484 each
EUR 198
Description: Tissue microarray of top 4 types of cancer (colon, breast, prostate and lung) and normal tissue, 24 cases/48 cores

Stomach carcinoma with matched stomach tissue microarray

ST2084b each
EUR 546
Description: Stomach carcinoma with matched stomach tissue microarray, containing 94 cases of adenocarcinoma, 1 each of signet ring cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, duplicated cores per case

EZ-TMA Manual Tissue Microarray Kit 3 - 3 mm x 24 Core

IW-123 -
EUR 125

EZ-TMA Manual Tissue Microarray Kit 4 - 4 mm x 15 Core

IW-124 -
EUR 125

Skin cancer and normal tissue high density (69 cases/208 core) tissue microarray

SK208 each
EUR 546
Description: Skin cancer and normal tissue high density (69 cases/208 core) tissue microarray

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Rat Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6434448 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Rat Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue III

T6434423 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Mouse Whole Brain Segmentation Panel

T6334035 5 slides
EUR 1110

Colon cancer tissue microarray chip with survival data, 80 cases/80 cores.

S-CRAC1601C row: 8; column: 10; cores: 80; cases: 80
EUR 816

Rat Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 5 except noted with *

RF-005 5x4 slides
EUR 503

Rat Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 10 except noted with *

RF-010 10x4 slides
EUR 940

Rat Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 15 except noted with *

RF-015 15x4 slides
EUR 1231

Rat Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 20 except noted with *

RF-020 20x4 slides
EUR 1523

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Mouse Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6334447 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Mouse Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue II

T6334608 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Mouse Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue III

T6334423 5 slides
EUR 554

Rat WS Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 5 except noted with *

RF-005-WS 5x4 slides
EUR 503

Rat WS Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 10 except noted with *

RF-010-WS 10x4 slides
EUR 940

Rat WS Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 15 except noted with *

RF-015-WS 15x4 slides
EUR 1231

Rat WS Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 20 except noted with *

RF-020-WS 20x4 slides
EUR 1523

Dog Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

DF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 1085

Cat Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

FF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 1085

Pig Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

PF-010 10x4 slides
EUR 1085

Sheep Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

SF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 1085

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6234431 5 slides
EUR 558

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue II

T6234432 5 slides
EUR 558

Equine Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

EF-010 10x4 slides
EUR 1088

Bovine Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

BF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 1085

Rabbit Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

TF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 888

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6534448 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue III

T6234433 5 slides
EUR 558

Brain primary tumor high density (69 cases/208 cores) tissue microarray of astrocytoma

GL208 each
EUR 546
Description: Brain primary tumor high density (69 cases/208 cores) tissue microarray of astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and normal tissue

Hamster Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

AF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 888

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue III

T6534423 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Monkey (Cynomolgus) Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6534448-Cy 5 slides
EUR 554

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Monkey (Cynomolgus) Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue III

T6534423-Cy 5 slides
EUR 554

Guinea Pig Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, Set of any 10 tissues

GF-010 10X4 slides
EUR 888

EZpunch 1500 Manual Tissue Microarrayer

TMA-punch -
EUR 1850

Mouse CD1 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 5 except noted with *

MF-005 5x4 slides
EUR 503

Mouse BLC Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 5 except noted with *

MF-005-BLC 5x4 slides
EUR 575

Mouse C57 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 5 except noted with *

MF-005-C57 5x4 slides
EUR 575

Mouse CD1 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 10 except noted with *

MF-010 10x4 slides
EUR 940

Mouse BLC Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 10 except noted with *

MF-010-BLC 10x4 slides
EUR 1012

Mouse C57 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 10 except noted with *

MF-010-C57 10x4 slides
EUR 1012

Mouse CD1 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 15 except noted with *

MF-015 15x4 slides
EUR 1231

Mouse BLC Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 15 except noted with *

MF-015-BLC 15x4 slides
EUR 1303

Mouse C57 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 15 except noted with *

MF-015-C57 15x4 slides
EUR 1303

Mouse CD1 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 20 except noted with *

MF-020 20x4 slides
EUR 1523

Mouse BLC Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 20 except noted with *

MF-020-BLC 20x4 slides
EUR 1594

Mouse C57 Tissue Frozen Sections Panel, any 20 except noted with *

MF-020-C57 20x4 slides
EUR 1594

AutoTiss 10C Automatic Tissue Microarrayer

AutoTiss10C -
EUR 98000

Rat mammary gland Frozen Sections Panel, any 16 tissues

RF-414-016 16X4 slides
EUR 1035

Quick-Ray Manual Tissue Microarrayer Full Set

IW-UT06 -
EUR 3800

AutoTiss One Semi-Automatic Tissue Microarrayer

TMA-001 -
EUR 25800

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Disease Tissue, Alzheimer's Disease, Multi-tissue I, 7 different tissues

T6236444Alz 5 slides
EUR 1249

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Disease Tissue, Alzheimer's Disease, Multi-tissue II, 7 different tissues

T6236445Alz 5 slides
EUR 1249

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Disease Tissue, Alzheimer's Disease, Multi-tissue III, 8 different tissues

T6236446Alz 5 slides
EUR 1249

Frozen Tissue Section Panel - Human Disease Tissue, Alzheimer's Disease, Multi-tissue IV, 7 different tissues

T6236564Alz 5 slides
EUR 1249

Quick-Ray Master Automated Tissue Microarrayer UATM-272B

UATM-272B -
EUR 98000

Lung small cell carcinoma and normal tissue microarray with survival data, including TNM and clinical stage, 68 cases/68 cores.

S-SCLC1361M row: 7; column: 10; cores: 68; cases: 68
EUR 718

Microarray Stripping Buffer 1X

10250005-1 25 mL
EUR 21.5

Microarray Stripping Buffer 1X

10250005-2 100 mL
EUR 60.54

Mouse CD1 mammary gland Frozen Sections Panel, any 8 tissues

MF-414-008 8X4 slides
EUR 710

Mouse C57 mammary gland Frozen Sections Panel, any 8 tissues

MF-414-008-C57 8X4 slides
EUR 818

Rat Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

RF-103 10 slides
EUR 266

384 Well Storage Microarray Plates, V-Shaped Wells

GP712 50 Plates
EUR 602.4

384 Well Storage Microarray Plates, Cylindrical Wells

GP711 50 Plates
EUR 602.4

Frozen Tissue Pen

25469-1 1each
EUR 195

Rat WS Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

RF-103-WS 10 slides
EUR 266

Human Synovial Tissue Frozen Tissue Block

ABC-TC3827 1 vial Ask for price
Description: Human synovial tissue embedded in OCT is isolated from a single donor. This tissue has been isolated and quickly frozen in OCT blocks using isopentane. Synovial tissue can enable your knowledge of disease mechanisms and allows you to correlate clinical symptoms with pathology. Most importantly these observations may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets in arthritis disease. This tissue has been isolated from a normal donor.Development period: Postnatal

Frozen Tissue Section - Lupus: Pancreas

T1236188Lup 5 slides
EUR 567

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Pancreas

T1236188Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Rat Placenta Frozen Sections Panel, any 9 stages

RF-413-009 9x4 slides
EUR 744

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Pancreas

T1235188 5 slides
EUR 363

Dog Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

DF-103 10 slides
EUR 261

Cat Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

FF-103 10 slides
EUR 261

FDA Standard Frozen Tissue Array - Rat Normal

T6434701-1 2 slides
EUR 692

FDA Standard Frozen Tissue Array - Rat Normal

T6434701-2 4 slides
EUR 1249

Human Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

HF-103 10slides
EUR 240

Frozen Tissue Section - Asthma: Lung

T1236152Ld-1 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Lupus: Ovary

T1236183Lup 5 slides
EUR 750

Rat mammary gland Frozen Sections Panel, any 8 stages

RF-414-008 8X4 slides
EUR 744

Frozen Tissue Section - Lupus: Kidney

T1236142Lup 5 slides
EUR 645

Frozen Tissue Section - Lupus: Spleen

T1236246Lup 5 slides
EUR 567

Frozen Tissue Section - Lupus: Adrenal

T1236004Lup 5 slides
EUR 567

Mouse CD1 Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

MF-103 10 slides
EUR 266

Mouse BLC Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

MF-103-BLC 10 slides
EUR 291

Mouse C57 Adipose Tissue Frozen Sections

MF-103-C57 10 slides
EUR 291

Rat Embryo Frozen Sagittal Sections Panel, any 8 Stages

RF-104-008 8X4 slides
EUR 890

Frozen Tissue Section - Emphysema: Lung

T1236152Ld-3 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Pneumonia: Lung

T1236152Ld-4 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Eye

T1236108Dia 5 slides
EUR 728

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Adult Normal: Pancreas

T1234188 5 slides
EUR 377

Frozen Tissue Section - Bronchitis: Lung

T1236152Ld-2 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Lung

T1236152Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Skin

T1236218Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Array - Human Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6234700-1 1 slide
EUR 292

Frozen Tissue Array - Human Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6234700-5 5 slides
EUR 1104

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Brain

T1236035Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Colon

T1236090Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Heart

T1236122Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Liver

T1236149Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

41325-2 RB MUSCLE TISSUE MT FROZEN 1kg

41325-2 1 kg
EUR 225

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Kidney

T1236142Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Spleen

T1236246Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Human Synovial Tissue, OA, OCT frozen

CDD-H-3000-OCT-ST-OA Flash frozen tissue in OCT medium
EUR 250

Human Synovial Tissue, RA, OCT frozen

CDD-H-3000-OCT-ST-RA Flash frozen tissue in OCT medium
EUR 250

Frozen Tissue Section - hypertension: Vein

T1236020Hd-2 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Adrenal

T1236004Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Stomach

T1236248Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Human Synovial Tissue, OA, Snap Frozen

CDD-H-6300-OA-1G-F 1g
EUR 250

Human Synovial Tissue, RA, Snap Frozen

CDD-H-6300-RA-1G-F 1g
EUR 250

Frozen Tissue Section - hypertension: Heart

T1236122Hd-2 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Esophagus

T1236106Dia 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - hypertension: Artery

T1236013Hd-2 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Section - hypertension: Kidney

T1236142Hd-2 5 slides
EUR 523

Frozen Tissue Array - Dog Male Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6734700-G01-1 1 slide
EUR 263

Frozen Tissue Array - Dog Male Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6734700-G01-5 5 slides
EUR 971

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Bone

T1235023 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Lung

T1235152 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Skin

T1235218 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Array - Human Tumor and Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6235700-1 1 slide
EUR 457

Frozen Tissue Array - Human Tumor and Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6235700-5 5 slides
EUR 1408

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Brain

T1235035 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Colon

T1235090 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Liver

T1235149 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Ovary

T1235183 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Lupus: Spinal Cord

T1236234Lup 5 slides
EUR 567

Human Synovial Tissue, Normal, OCT frozen

CDD-H-3000-OCT-ST-N Flash frozen tissue in OCT medium
EUR 250

Frozen Tissue Array - Dog Female Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6734700-G02-1 1 slide
EUR 263

Frozen Tissue Array - Dog Female Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6734700-G02-5 5 slides
EUR 971

Frozen Tissue Section - Arteriosclerosis: Aorta

T1236012Hd-4 5 slides
EUR 1166

Frozen Tissue Array - Rabbit Male Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6834700-G01-1 1 slide
EUR 263

Frozen Tissue Array - Rabbit Male Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6834700-G01-5 5 slides
EUR 971

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Breast

T1235086 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Kidney

T1235142 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Rectum

T1235206 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Testis

T1235260 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Uterus

T1235274 5 slides
EUR 363

Human Synovial Tissue, Normal, Snap Frozen

CDD-H-6300-N-1G-F 1g
EUR 250

Frozen Tissue Section - Arteriosclerosis: Artery

T1236013Hd-4 5 slides
EUR 1166

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Adrenal

T1235004 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Bladder

T1235010 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Parotid

T1235190 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Stomach

T1235248 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Thymoma

T1235264 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Thyroid

T1235265 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Diseased Tissue: Bone Marrow

T1236024Dia 5 slides
EUR 728

Frozen Tissue Array - Rabbit Female Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6834700-G02-1 1 slide
EUR 263

Frozen Tissue Array - Rabbit Female Adult Normal Tissue, Multi-tissue I

T6834700-G02-5 5 slides
EUR 971

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Lymphoma

T1235161 5 slides
EUR 363

Frozen Tissue Section - Human Tumor: Prostate

T1235201 5 slides
EUR 363

Multiple Species Frozen Tissue Array - Brain

T6134035-1 1 slide
EUR 215

Stepwise assembly process characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This false immunosensor displayed a good analytical performance compared to commercial ELISA kit with good sensitivity, lower detection limit (LOD) of 10.5 pg ml-1, and wide linear detection range of 1 to 5 mg ml-1.